XCAT-3: A Comprehensive Library of Personalized Digital Twins Derived from CT Scans

Center for Virtual Imaging Trials · Carl E. Ravin Advanced Imaging Laboratories
Department of Radiology · Duke University School of Medicine · Durham, NC 27708
+Co-Senior Authors
Abstract

Virtual Imaging Trials (VIT) offer a cost-effective and scalable approach for evaluating medical imaging technologies. Computational phantoms, which mimic real patient anatomy and physiology, play a central role in VIT. However, current phantom libraries face limitations in sample size and diversity. This study presents a framework for creating realistic computational phantoms using a suite of four deep learning segmentation models, with three forms of automated quality control. The result is a release of over 2,500 computational phantoms with up to 140 structures, available in both voxelized and surface mesh formats. Phantoms may be requested at cvit.duke.edu/resources.

Video Overview

This video overview was automatically generated by NotebookLM based on our manuscript.

Interactive Anatomy Display

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Phantom Diversity
Phantoms representing diverse demographics

Phantoms representing diverse demographics.

BibTeX

If you find this work useful, please consider citing:

@article{dahal2025xcat,
  title     = {XCAT 3.0: A comprehensive library of personalized digital twins derived from CT scans},
  author    = {Dahal, Lavsen and Ghojoghnejad, Mobina and Vancoillie, Liesbeth and
               Ghosh, Dhrubajyoti and Bhandari, Yubraj and Kim, David and Ho, Fong Chi and
               Tushar, Fakrul Islam and Luo, Sheng and Lafata, Kyle J and others},
  journal   = {Medical Image Analysis},
  pages     = {103636},
  year      = {2025},
  publisher = {Elsevier}
}

🫁 Respiratory Motion Explorer

Patient-specific parametric breathing simulation inspired by 4D XCAT.

Breathing Parameters

Adjust the two knobs to explore different breathing patterns — from end-inspiration to end-expiration.

Diaphragm Excursion
15 mm
5 mm10 mm15 mm20 mm25 mm

How far the diaphragm moves toward expiration.
Low → shallow / restricted  ·  High → deep / COPD-like.

Rib Rotation Scale
1.00
0.100.300.500.751.00

Fraction of maximum rib rotation applied.
Low → belly breathing  ·  High → chest-wall-dominant.

Motion Visualization
Select parameters above
Clinical Reference — Parameter Guide
Diaphragm (mm) Rib Scale Breathing Pattern
50.1Shallow / restricted (post-op, pain-limited)
51.0Chest-dominant (diaphragm paresis)
80.4Quiet resting breathing
100.5Mild tidal breathing
151.0Normal tidal breathing ← reference
180.3COPD-like (limited chest wall, hyperinflated)
200.2Diaphragm-dominant (COPD / belly breathing)
200.9Athletic / deep breathing
70.4Restricted / pulmonary fibrosis
251.0Forceful exhale / maximum effort